Goldenseal

Latin Name: Hydrastis canadensis

Herb Class/Action:

Goldenseal belongs to the Ranunculaceae family and is traditionally classified in herbalism as an astringent, antimicrobial, and tonic herb. It is most known for its potent action on the mucous membranes, particularly within the digestive and respiratory systems. Goldenseal is revered for its ability to combat infections, reduce inflammation, and promote healing in areas where mucous membranes are compromised. Its primary constituents, especially berberine, are known for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting properties. In modern herbal practices, it is often used for digestive issues, respiratory infections, and skin conditions.

Parts Used:

The primary medicinal parts of Goldenseal are the rhizomes and root fibers, though the aerial parts (leaves, stems, and flowers) can also be used to a lesser extent. The rhizomes, which are thick, knotty, and bright yellow, contain the highest concentration of active constituents like berberine. The roots are typically dried and processed into tinctures, teas, or powdered extracts. In certain herbal preparations, the aerial parts are used to enhance the antimicrobial actions of the rhizomes, as they contain efflux pump inhibitors that support the efficacy of berberine.

Flavors:

Goldenseal has a bitter, pungent flavor that is typical of many plants in the Ranunculaceae family. This bitterness makes it an excellent digestive stimulant, as bitter herbs are known to promote the production of saliva and bile, supporting digestion. The rhizomes also have a slightly earthy aroma, often described as sharp and pungent, which is characteristic of the alkaloid compounds present, particularly berberine.

Energetics:

Goldenseal is classified as having a warming and drying nature, making it particularly effective for conditions involving excess moisture or mucus. It is energetically stimulating, especially to the digestive and immune systems, and is believed to have a tonic effect on the liver. This warming action makes it suitable for cases of cold, damp conditions or where there is stagnation in the body. It is particularly used for chronic conditions that involve mucous accumulation and sluggish digestion. Its drying properties make it an effective remedy for conditions like chronic diarrhea or excessive mucus secretion from the respiratory system.

Traditional Benefits:

Goldenseal has a rich history in both Native American and Western herbal traditions. Traditionally, it was used by various indigenous groups across North America for its wide-ranging medicinal benefits. The Cherokee, for example, used Goldenseal as an eyewash for sore and inflamed eyes, as well as a remedy for digestive issues like poor appetite and gastrointestinal discomfort. The Catawba people boiled the root to treat mouth ulcers and jaundice, while the Iroquois used it for ailments ranging from diarrhea and fevers to more serious health concerns such as heart and liver problems.

Goldenseal’s traditional use as an eye balm is reflected in its alternative names such as “eye root” and “yellow eye.” It was also widely used as a dye, earning it names like “Indian paint” and “yellow paint.” Despite its historical use as a dye, it should not be confused with turmeric (Curcuma longa), which has a similar color but is botanically unrelated.

By the 1800s, Goldenseal became one of the most widely used medicinal plants in America, thanks to the writings of herbalists like Benjamin Smith Barton and Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. It became a common remedy for a variety of conditions, including digestive problems, skin irritations, and respiratory infections. Samuel Thomson, a prominent herbalist of the time, recommended Goldenseal as a bitter for digestive distress, and it was included in Eclectic medicine for treating catarrhal conditions and various types of inflammation.

Modern herbalists continue to use Goldenseal for many of the same conditions as their predecessors. It is commonly used as a digestive tonic to stimulate appetite and promote bile production, making it useful in conditions like indigestion, gallbladder issues, and constipation. It is also used to treat various skin conditions, including eczema, acne, and mouth ulcers.

Goldenseal’s antimicrobial properties are particularly significant in modern herbal practice. Studies have demonstrated that berberine, the main active compound in Goldenseal, can inhibit a wide variety of pathogens, including Helicobacter pylori (a bacterium associated with peptic ulcers and gastric cancer), Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and fungi like Candida albicans. It is also effective against parasites such as Trichomonas vaginalis, which causes vaginal infections.

In addition to its antimicrobial effects, Goldenseal is thought to support the immune system, making it a popular choice during cold and flu season. However, herbalists caution against overuse, as its antimicrobial properties are most effective when applied directly to infected tissues, rather than used as a systemic antibiotic. Goldenseal’s ability to “dry up” mucus can be beneficial in certain stages of a cold, particularly when there is concern about bacterial infection setting in.

Goldenseal is also widely used for gynecological issues. It is considered a uterine tonic and has been used to treat uterine prolapse, vaginal infections, and abnormal bleeding. Its anti-hemorrhagic properties make it useful in cases of menorrhagia (excessive menstrual bleeding). Some studies also suggest that berberine has potential cardiovascular benefits, including lowering cholesterol and improving heart function, although more research is needed in this area.

Despite its many benefits, Goldenseal has come under scrutiny due to the overharvesting of wild populations. It is considered an at-risk plant and is listed as endangered in several U.S. states. Sustainable harvesting is critical, and herbalists are encouraged to seek cultivated sources of Goldenseal rather than wildcrafted plants. Barberry (Berberis vulgaris), which contains similar alkaloids, is often recommended as an alternative.

Sustainability Issues:

Goldenseal has been placed on the United Plant Savers’ “At-Risk” list due to its declining wild populations. The plant is listed as endangered in seven states and threatened in three. It is also considered a species of concern in Canada, where it is threatened in Ontario. As a result, it is essential to seek cultivated Goldenseal, as organic varieties are often wildcrafted. Barberry serves as a suitable alternative herb, offering similar antimicrobial and astringent properties.

Harvesting Guidelines:

Goldenseal should never be harvested from the wild. When cultivated, the rhizomes can be harvested after the aerial parts die back in the fall. Plants should be at least three to four years old for sustainable harvesting, as mature plants are more robust and contain higher concentrations of medicinal compounds.