Coptis

Latin Name: Coptis chinensis

Herb Class/Action: Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cholagogue, bitter, sedative, antifungal, antidiabetic, analgesic

Parts Used: Rhizome

Flavors: Bitter

Energetics: Cool, Dry

Traditional Benefits: Coptis chinensis, or goldthread, has a prominent place in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and other folk practices, particularly for its ability to address conditions associated with Heat and Dampness. Traditionally, it has been used to clear excess heat from the liver and heart, making it beneficial for conditions like jaundice, fever, dysentery, and infections. It is also used for its antimicrobial and antifungal properties, helping with infections such as bacterial diarrhea, typhoid fever, and respiratory tract infections. In Chinese medicine, it has been applied to treat inflammation, digestive issues, and skin infections like acne and abscesses. The herb’s strong bitterness is associated with its ability to stimulate bile production and promote digestion, making it useful for digestive disorders such as colitis and bloating. Coptis is also utilized for its sedative properties, supporting the treatment of conditions like insomnia, restlessness, and anxiety.

Key Constituents
Coptis contains several protoberberine alkaloids, including berberine, palmatine, coptisine, and berberastine, which are responsible for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. These compounds have become the focus of modern pharmacological studies due to their broad spectrum of therapeutic benefits.

Uses
Coptis is highly valued for its berberine content, which plays a crucial role in many of its therapeutic actions. Berberine is known for its ability to activate the AMPK pathway, which regulates metabolism and mitochondrial function. This compound has been particularly studied for its effects on managing blood sugar levels in diabetes, with research showing its potential to lower HbA1c and improve insulin sensitivity. Coptis is also used for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, effective against bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, such as Candida albicans and Streptococcus agalactiae. In addition to its internal uses, Coptis is applied topically for infections, acne, and abscesses due to its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Sustainability Issues
Coptis chinensis is a vulnerable plant, and its demand has led to unsustainable cultivation practices. Over-harvesting and monoculture farming have significantly damaged natural forests in China, making this plant’s wild sources increasingly endangered. The plant’s rhizomes are small, requiring large quantities of plants to produce herbal products, resulting in significant environmental strain. Sustainable cultivation practices, including the use of bamboo forests and fruit tree integration, are recommended to mitigate these issues.

Harvesting Guidelines
The rhizomes of Coptis chinensis are harvested in the autumn, either fresh or dried for later use.

Safety
While Coptis chinensis is generally considered safe when used appropriately, it should be used with caution due to its potent effects. It is advised to consult with a healthcare provider before use, especially for individuals with existing health conditions or those taking other medications. Overuse or improper preparation can lead to gastrointestinal upset, and its bitter nature may cause discomfort in some individuals. It is also important to ensure that Coptis is sourced sustainably to avoid environmental impacts.

Adult Dose

• Crude plant material: 1.5-6 g daily
• Powder: As needed for topical application
• Capsules: 1-2 size 00 capsules 1-4x/day; for acute conditions, up to 25 capsules daily for no more than 10 days
• Tincture: 30-60 drops dried rhizome (1:5, 50%) 1-3x/day; for acute conditions, 1 tsp-1 tbsp twice daily until symptoms improve
• Wash: Mix 1 fl oz tincture with 2 pints of water and apply to the affected area 2-3 times a day